This technical note provides criteria for evaluating government employment and compensation and options for reform. The note discusses various quantitative indicators that can be used for country analysis and provides an assessment of differences across regions and country groups. It addresses...

This technical note and manual addresses the following main questions: 1. What is accrual accounting? 2. What are the reasons for moving from cash to accrual accounting? 3. What are the differences between accrual accounting and accrual budgeting? 4. What are the main steps to be taken in moving...

This technical note presents a basic model of performance-based budgeting. It describes the characteristics of the model and explains how low-income countries should approach performance-based budgeting. The note emphasizes necessary preconditions for any move to performance-based...

This technical note analyzes the importance of a budget classification system. It highlights that budget classification is one of the fundamental building blocks of a sound budget management system, as it determines the manner in which the budget is recorded, presented and reported, and as such...

This technical note focuses on computing cyclically adjusted balances and automatic stabilizers. The note provides guidance on how to decompose overall fiscal balances into cyclical and cyclically adjusted components, and how to interpret automatic fiscal stabilizers. These indicators are...

This technical note describes the objectives of modern cash management. The note highlights that cash management is necessary because there are mismatches between the timing of payments and the availability of cash. All definitions of cash management emphasize the time value of government money....

This technical note elaborates the objectives of commitment controls. The focus on commitment controls is justified on the grounds of their important role in developing an overall expenditure control framework, as well as controlling the accumulation of payment arrears. The note describes the...