Solar fuel technologies convert solar radiation directly into chemical energy in the form of hydrogen (or potentially other chemicals), that are then converted into liquid or gaseous fuels. They are distinct from e-fuels, which are produced from renewable electricity. Solar fuels have the...

As part of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO), this report on Photovoltaics (PV) is built on three sections: the technology state of the art, future developments and trends, the value chain analysis and the EU position and global competitiveness. PV is the fastest-growing source of...

This report investigates the status and trend of Renewable Fuels of Non-Biological Origin (RFNBO), except hydrogen, which are needed to cover part of the EU's demand for renewable fuels in the coming years. Most of the conversion technologies investigated have been already demonstrated at...

This document provides an overview of the latest technological and market trends on the topic of Smart Grids in the European Union. Given the broad scope of the topic and the comprehensive approach followed in the last year report, the analysis has focused instead on two specific enabling...