Coverage figures also need to be viewed in the context of the grave water quality issues, virtual lack of treatment of sewage and wastewater in a heavily industrialized province, and serious contamination of water bodies and sources. Solid waste collection, which was not covered in detail in...

The Punjab province has seen visible and laudable improvements in the quantum of water supply and sanitation services available to its citizens in the past decades. In the water supply sector, the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets have either already been met (notably in the rural water...

The FOAM (Focus on Opportunity, Ability, and Motivation) is a framework designed to help in the development, monitoring, and evaluation of handwashing behavior change programs. FOAM was developed for use in resource-poor settings, but it can also be adapted for other socioeconomic environments....

This case study of the sustainability of rural sanitation marketing is part of a wider activity entitled 'Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM): new approaches to Stimulate and Scale up Sanitation Demand and Supply Project,' also known as the Global Scaling up Sanitation Project. The...

The present study offers evidence on alternative financing approaches for on-site household sanitation from case studies in six countries: Bangladesh, Ecuador, India, Mozambique, Senegal, and Vietnam. This evidence can help identify the best-performing approaches and the relevant factors and...

Handwashing (HW) efficacy studies have taken the form of randomized controlled trials and the outcome(s) of interest have primarily been health related. That is, the intervention group, which received HW promotion, and the control group have been compared according to disease burden. As HW...

From 2003 to 2006, a rural pilot project was conducted in Vietnam with technical support from the non-governmental organization (NGO) International Development Enterprises (IDE) and funding from Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA). The project tested whether a sanitation...