During the pandemic, governments increased their expenditures drastically. According to IMF projections, the debt-to-GDP ratio in advanced countries will be 18 percentage points higher by the end of 2021 than before the pandemic and 10 percentage points higher in emerging markets. With rising...

What is the status quo of fairness in Europe? To answer this question, we have calculated multidimensional equality of opportunity in income, education, and health for 29 European countries in 2019. Our results show that inequalities of opportunity in education and health are lower than in...

In this article we present the long-run gains of adopting a nutritious school meal program for Swedish children. During the 1960s, Sweden rolled out a universal program that provided nutritious school lunches free of charge to all children in Swedish primary schools. Our results show that the...

Afghanistan is one of the most dangerous places for women in the world. During the Taliban’s first rule from 1996 to 2001, the country became known for its degrading treatment of women. Since 2001, Afghanistan has made progress in gender equality, but major gaps remain. Although women’s...