The decision delivered by the European Court of Justice in Android Auto may represent a watershed moment in competition policy for digital markets. By requiring dominant platforms to accommodate third-party requests to enable interoperability, the judgment could significantly affect their design...

This article is dedicated to an EU competition law evergreen - by object restrictions. The CJEU established in its early case law that Article 101(1) TFEU (or its predecessors) could be infringed by restricting competition (i) by object or (ii) by effect. Once the former is present, the latter...

The rapidly deteriorating global security environment has pushed EU institutions and Member States to call for further consolidation of the European defence industrial base, with the European Commission taking a proactive stance in promoting a stronger, more integrated, and competitive defence...

The Illumina/Grail case, which significantly rejected the EU Commission's wide interpretation of its powers of accepting a referral of a merger that did not meet the national merger control thresholds of the referring Member State, introduced changes in the EU about concentrations (Article 22 of...

In digital markets, personal data is increasingly monetized. As a result, the areas of competition and data protection law collide and the competences of enforcers of these fields of law (i.e. competition and data protection authorities) also overlap. These overlapping competences are not...

Competition authorities across the European Union wield extensive investigative powers in enforcing antitrust laws. These powers - including dawn raids, home searches and document seizures - can impinge upon fundamental rights such as privacy, the inviolability of the home, legal privilege, the...

The use of an economics, effects-based, approach in EU Law is normally understood within the context of the enforcement of the EU Competition provisions. It embodies the post-Modernisation shift from a formalistic application of these provisions, and particularly of Article 102 TFEU, to a method...

Although they are distinctive instruments, Article 102 TFEU and the Digital Markets Act (DMA) commonly target undertakings with high degrees of economic power. In Article 102TFEU, market power assessment, including market definition has been considerably challenged by specific features of...

This article explores the intersection of competition law and sustainability, particularly focusing on the role that Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union may play in this context. It presents a novel approach, categorizing the relationship between Article 102 and...

For several years, access to evidence has been identified by potential claimants as one of the main difficulties in bringing damages actions for breach of competition rules in general, and class actions in this area in particular, in the European Union. As regards the former, Directive...