This report examines the benefits of different types of taxes in relation to their adverse effects, using a modeling framework and the international economic research literature. The basis for the study is literature on the causal effects of different tax types on their respective tax bases....

This study evaluates the reforms proposed by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health for the earnings-related pension system in the 2025 legislative proposal. The proposed reform would allow private-sector pension institutions to take on greater investment risk. According to Etla's assessment,...

Over 830 companies operate in Finland's biotechnology industry. Together, they generate a total turnover of 7.1 billion euros and employ approximately 19,400 people. Technology and business opportunities are developing particularly rapidly in the field of modern biotechnolo- gy which is based on...

This report examines the factors shaping productivity in Finland's private service industries. Specifically, we focus on the link between capital intensity and labor productivity, as well as the allocation of labor. In addition, the report highlights the roles of global megatrends, such as...

Growth in employment and productivity is concentrated in private equity-backed business groups and, to a lesser degree, in foreign-owned ones. No corresponding impact is observed for domestic ownership. Given that both private equity and foreign ownership are relatively uncommon, it is crucial...

The Finnish labour market model has been undergoing a transformation since 2007, and the role of the public sector in the labour market model has sparked a lot of discussion. Wage-setting in the public sector is an important issue, as it has a direct impact on public finances and indirectly on...

Finland's future prosperity hinges on intangible assets such as software, data, brands, and organizational capital. While research and development (R&D) is a central intangible asset, other types collectively hold greater significance. The growth trajectory of Finland's intangible investments...

Sickness absence is a complex and costly problem that affects all parties in the workplace. The aim of our research has been to explore, develop, test and critically evaluate different approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the economic significance of sickness absence on the one hand, and...

This report examines the behavioral effects of inheritance, estate and gift taxes. It also provides an overview of inheritance, estate and gift tax practices in other countries, as well as the reasons that led to the abolition of inheritance taxes in Sweden and Norway. Economic literature...

This study examines the impacts of the European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on corporate costs, adaptation strategies, and international trade. CBAM aims to supplement the EU's emissions trading system and mitigate the risk of carbon leakage. The report evaluates the...