This chapter surveys theoretical and empirical literature on non-pecuniary flow of knowledge and the conditions and limitations for firms to ben- efit from positive externalities. Spillovers from the pool of accumulated knowledge generated by technological and scientific development is con-...

Venture capitalists specialize in financing young, growing enterprises (ventures), particularly in innovation-intensive industries such as information and communications technology and biotechnology. This entry describes the general research finding that VC finance has a positive effect on...

Innovation is the process through which knowledge - technological, commercial and strategic - is transformed into new marketable propositions. When innovations are introduced to the market value generation takes place, benefitting the innovating firm and its customers. The value chain...

It was not until (Becker, 1964) that firm training was recognized as important in the economics literature. From a neoclassical perspective Becker reasoned that specific training was economically viable for firms as they could capture the rents. The theory posited that provision of general...

Technology catch-up is the process by which countries with relatively low technological levels can benefit from available production knowledge and therefore reduce the productivity and income gap with respect to leading countries. It involves a productive transformation process that embraces...

Nowadays the increasing use of robots and algorithms able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence has raised again a widespread fear of a new "technological unemployment" wave. On the other hand, starting at the time of the first industrial revolution, the economic theory has...

The technological capability accumulation is at the base of development processes. This literature emerged by 1980, when empirical evidence showed that firms in developing countries were not passive receptors of technology; conversely, there were processes of learning and building domestic...

Skilled migration is nowadays considered as an important driver of technological change and innovation. This chapter presents recent empirical evidence on this relationship, surveys the underlying explanations about the positive impact of skilled immigrants on innovation and proposes some...

A common paradigm in the technology and innovation literature is one that associates levels of investment in R&D with innovative behavior and economic progress and growth. However, this paradigm implicitly assumes that when increased investments in R&D result from public sector technology-based...

Innovation is at the heart of Schumpeterian oligopolistic rivalry that he propounded in his later work. Such innovations are not only inspired by the pathbreaking entrepreneurs but also included successful intrapreneurs as salaried managers located in the R&D departments of the large firms. This...