Despite substantial efforts, many Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) lack a comprehensive regulatory framework for the power sector and have struggled to develop adequate regulatory capacity. From 1990-2010, most countries ‘ticked the boxes’ by putting in place the necessary laws and...

To meet its decarbonisation targets, India needs to add electric installed capacity equivalent to that of the EU by 2040. Since 2015, it has quadrupled renewable capacity and is targeting 50% from renewables by 2030, roughly the current share from coal. The system will need to integrate 35% of...

The electricity industry in China was among the first sectors that started the reform in the early 1980s, aiming ‘to separate government and enterprise functions’ - an objective that remains elusive four decades later. This chapter examines the politics behind each round of proposed reform...

Governments in Europe and the United States are planning for low-carbon hydrogen and hydrogen-based derivative fuels to play a significant role in the global energy transition, and regulations to govern hydrogen transport and market structure are in development. This paper seeks to provide...

Electricity network companies can innovate their own network business or stimulate system innovation, including by facilitating market activities and the integration of renewable energy sources. Regulation is essential to turn this potential into reality by providing adequate incentives to...

To enable deep electrification of the economy, a significant expansion of grid distribution capacity will be required. However, how much grid investments eventually will be needed depends on how the grid is expected to be used. This chapter first details the three prominent regulatory tools that...

In the next two decades, electricity will make up an increasing share of the energy use, a significant proportion of which will be from sources other than fossil fuels. This chapter explores the role of federal, regional, and state regulatory initiatives aimed at meeting decarbonization and...

The economics of energy efficiency have come a long way in the past two decades. This handbook chapter reviews major issues in the economics of energy efficiency, focusing on the most recent literature. We point out that much has been learned about potential mechanisms underlying the seemingly...

In the 1960s, US electric tariffs were almost entirely volumetric, expressed in cents per kWh. After the first oil shock, federal legislation made energy conservation a priority. Sixteen pilots with time-of-use (TOU) rates were carried out. In 2000-01, California’s energy crisis triggered a...

Australia’s National Electricity Market and associated structural reforms triggered the separation of networks from generation and retail during the 1990s. The economic framework governing networks is based on the British model and Littlechild’s (1983) RPI-X incentive regulation. This...