Concluding the book, this chapter discusses upward mobility for entrepreneurs operating in the informal sector. First, the chapter reviews the key challenges that limit upward mobility for many working in the informal sector; it is important to consider the tiers within the informal sector and...

This chapter examines five different channels for expanding the content or focus of female entrepreneurship programs to include environmental impact: financial incentives, agricultural extension services, eco-enterprise training, integrated social enterprise operations, and youth education and...

While gender gaps in technology access exist in many socioeconomic environments, the barriers are often most severe for lower-income, rural, and marginalized populations. This chapter begins with a brief discussion of ICT access and the digital divide in China and India (particularly regarding...

This chapter focuses on approaches to organize women working in the informal sector and build successful networks, examining trade (labor) unions, NGOs, and cooperatives as vehicles for change. It discusses five different components of network-building: choosing an organizational base,...

Not all entrepreneurship programs are gender-sensitive. This chapter reviews steps for gender-sensitive program design, using the framework of human-centered design thinking and an intersectional lens. Programs designed this way are better prepared to address barriers standing in the way of...

This chapter highlights examples of support for female entrepreneurs in China and India, focusing on three types of programs: funding, training, and incubators or accelerators. Multiple examples illustrate the differences in programs catering to formal sector vs. informal sector entrepreneurs....

This chapter discusses the legal and political framework underlying social entrepreneurship in China and India. After reviewing characteristics of the social enterprise sector in each country, six examples illustrate various paths for social impact. Women's employment is not the only way these...

This chapter begins with a discussion of female labor force participation in China and India, highlighting its evolution in each country over the past few decades. After reviewing the impacts of economic reforms, cultural norms, and traditions on women's economic activities, the chapter examines...

This chapter provides an overview of entrepreneurship in China and India and its evolution over the 20 th and 21st centuries. It demonstrates the way political transitions and economic policy shifts have impacted the trajectory of entrepreneurship in each country. In addition to reviewing data...

This chapter reviews several feminist theories (liberal, standpoint, and poststructural) and explains how they relate to the study of entrepreneurship. Different theories about gender reflect different assumptions and beliefs about gender inequality, what causes it, how it impacts people's lived...