This chapter shows the ambivalence of the relationships between Papua New Guinea and Australia, by successively analyzing the historical links which bind these two countries (Part I), their continuity after independence (Part II), and the mechanisms of this dependence, especially at the economic...

While India has been recognized as one of the prominent ‘emerging’ markets in the era of globalization, much less in focus has been the nature and basis of this emergence and the implications it has had for India's working people. This chapter argues that India's relatively high measured...

Ongoing protests are challenging the legitimacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In 2022, the tragic death of a young Iranian woman continues to affect the Islamic Republic's foundation. Her death led to a massive protest movement that brought together people from different social classes,...

In absolute terms, and relative to both hopes and potential, post-apartheid economic and social reproduction has been a disaster. A key element in explaining this is to situate it within an extraordinarily rapid and full adjustment, albeit with peculiar South African features in light of the...

This chapter argues that the crisis of the neocolonial economic model in Senegal opened the door to the neoliberal agenda of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Their policies literally destroyed the gains accumulated during the first two decades of independence, through...

This chapter offers a materialist critique of capitalism in Spain, integrating the patterns of capital accumulation, the divisions it engenders, and its influence on movements advocating social change. For this purpose, it scrutinizes the financial-real estate model – consistently bolstered by...

We analyze how the French left led by F. Mitterrand and the Socialist Party failed to ‘change the lives’ of the French. We describe the difficulties encountered by the ‘relaunch’ policy of 1981 and the change of course carried out, first with the inflection to austerity in 1982–1983,...