The chapters in this volume cover a wide range of issues related to climate change and the proven and prospective roles of decentralized actors in intergovernmental systems to respond to its causes and effects. Many authors underscore that developing a comprehensive and synthetic analytical...

Subnational governments (SNGs) are important actors in climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as in managing responses to climate-change induced natural disasters. Given the climate change targets enshrined in the Paris Agreement, this chapter argues for place-based decarbonization...

The benefits of climate change action at all levels of government accrue to the overall population nationally as well as globally. Therefore, all kinds of governmental institutions—local, regional, national, and international—have a role in climate action. The challenge is to identify...

The issuance of the first labeled green bond by the World Bank in 2008 sparked a revolution in the capital markets that has created a $4 trillion plus thematic bond market, leveraging investor interest in environmental, social, and governance criteria in investment decisions and support for...

The urgent need to address climate change has prompted subnational governments worldwide to explore innovative financing mechanisms to fund climate investments. This chapter examines land value capture (LVC) as a potential source of financing for local climate action, reviewing relevant...

The nature of South African devolution and the intergovernmental fiscal framework places varying constraints on subnational governments’ capability to respond to climate change. Individual provinces and local governments present examples of climate innovation, and the National Treasury has...

Nepal is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change due to its fragile topography, climate-sensitive livelihoods, and the limited adaptive capacity of its people. Nepal risks losing 2.2% of annual GDP due to climate change by 2050. This chapter outlines legal, institutional, and...

This chapter develops the case for a stronger and more collaborative intergovernmental approach to fighting climate change in India. The prevalent approach to combating climate change in India, based on sectoral policies, is incomplete because it fails to specify what level of government is...

China's decarbonization program targets carbon neutrality by 2060. The question raised in this chapter is how subnational governments and the intergovernmental system support this program. This analysis also identifies collateral costs of the decarbonization program, including regional fiscal...

Brazil's climate change policy progress, particularly since the enactment of the National Climate Change Policy (Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima, PNMC), has fostered subnational engagement in climate-related public policies. Despite advances, coordination challenges emerged between...