Against the backdrop of a renewed Russian energy geopolitics in natural gas and the imperative to decarbonize Europe's energy system, this chapter makes three central points. First, the 2022 energy crisis prompted the EU to recalibrate energy policy priorities, suggesting that the bloc may be...

European gas distribution grid operators are essential to the energy transition. They connect around 120 million consumers to a vast network of 2.44 million kilometers of pipelines. This infrastructure supports decarbonisation through three main pillars: (1) increasing the injection and...

This chapter examines the European Union's evolving approach to decarbonizing its gas sector in pursuit of climate neutrality by 2050, as mandated by the EU Climate Law. The EU faces the dual challenge of phasing out unabated fossil gas while ensuring energy security and economic stability. The...

This chapter examines the European Union's response to the gas crisis that began in 2021 and worsened dramatically in 2022. It offers a critical assessment of key regulatory measures introduced by the European Commission, in particular to what extent they were successful in attracting...

This chapter traces the evolution of natural gas market regulation in the European Union, focusing on the three Gas Directives and the development of the Gas Target Model (GTM) and network codes. Each section examines not only the key regulatory measures introduced (such as market opening,...

This chapter examines the EU's energy security challenges, focusing initially on its historical and critical overdependence on Russian gas, a vulnerability severely highlighted by the 2022 invasion of Ukraine and subsequent supply cuts. In response, the EU intensified efforts to diversify gas...

This chapter critically examines the development and implementation of gas solidarity mechanisms within the European Union, situating them within the broader context of evolving energy security policy. It traces the shift from market liberalization and diversification efforts to a more...

The European gas market has suffered a fundamental transformation following Russia's war in Ukraine and the consequent end of the EU–Russia energy bridge. This chapter's focus is on European energy security features and challenges. The chapter analyzes the transformation of European gas...

European Gas Markets in Transition offers a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of Europe's natural gas sector amid geopolitical upheaval, market liberalisation, and climate imperatives. From post-war supply developments and growing reliance on Russian gas, to the liberalisation driven...

This chapter explores the evolving role of sustainable fuels in global and European decarbonisation pathways amid shifting gas markets, geopolitical disruptions, and rising climate ambition. It examines the implications of the 2022 gas supply shock and the implications for global gas markets....