Predation is an important selection pressure acting on prey behavior. Although numerous studies have shown that when predation risk is high, prey tend to increase vigilance and reduce foraging effort, until recently, few studies have looked at how temporal patterns of risk influence the...

The ability to develop effective antipredator responses early in life should be strongly promoted by natural selection. Recent work has shown that embryonic amphibians can learn to recognize predators even before they hatch. Here, we showed that embryonic woodfrogs, Rana sylvatica, learned the...

The importance of temporal variability in risk has recently come to the forefront of research examining the behavioral ecology of predator--prey relationships. Temporal variability has been known to drive patterns of behavioral responses associated with foraging, reproduction, and territorial...