After a first phasing out of the ECB's net asset purchases at end-2018, the question of how a future tightening of the ECB's monetary policy may affect countries located in the vicinity of the euro area has gained prominence, but has been left largely unanswered so far. Our paper aims to close...

Governments have always been playing a central role for the provision and protection of critical infrastructures (infrastructures that are essential to national stability and security, such as energy, water or transport). Over the last decade, criticism on the increasing instability and...

The article analyzes the political barriers and success potentials of action plans and directives as common instruments of the European Commission to create the single market. Creating a single European market is regularly problematic for brand new emerging markets. Unknown emerging markets in...