The 1914 Clayton Act prohibited any acquisition whose effect may be to “substantially” lessen competition. International Shoe defined § 7's word “substantially” by saying that an acquisition's effect is “substantial” only if it “will injuriously affect the public.” This paper...

The share of U.S. consumer food-spending that farmers received (the “farm-share”) fell steadily from 48% in 1913 to 20% by 2000, encouraging repeated investigations of that decline. Similar alarms come from “spreads” between prices that farmers receive and prices that consumers pay....

Xia and Sexton find anti-competitive effects from contracts between meat-packers and ranchers that require delivery of all of a contracting rancher's cattle to the packer it contracted with at the highest price cattle wind up selling for in the spot market (i.e., the "Top-of-the-Market" price)....

For decades the fact that input price hikes are passed on faster than input price cuts was thought to be well explained by the assumption that competitive firms fully pass on all input price changes, so they can't price asymmetrically, so asymmetric pricing behavior is limited to oligopolies,...

With the increased number of firms that are in some form of serious financial distress, once financing becomes more readily available to potential acquirers we might expect an increase in both the number and share of mergers where at least one of the parties is having difficulty staying afloat...

For decades the fact that input price hikes are passed on faster than input price cuts was thought to be well explained by the assumption that competitive firms fully pass on all input price changes, so they can't price asymmetrically, so asymmetric pricing behavior is limited to oligopolies,...

With the increased number of firms that are in some form of serious financial distress, once financing becomes more readily available to potential acquirers we might expect an increase in both the number and share of mergers where at least one of the parties is having difficulty staying afloat...

With the increased number of firms that are in some form of serious financial distress, once financing becomes more readily available to potential acquirers we might expect an increase in both the number and share of mergers where at least one of the parties is having difficulty staying afloat...