An adaptation of the Brier score and the concordance probability is proposed for the two-level and the three-level random intercept binary regression model. This results in 2 different Brier scores and 3 different C-indices for the two-level binary regression model and 4 different Brier scores...

The main advantage of longitudinal studies is that they can distinguish changes over time within individuals (longitudinal effects) from differences between subjects at the start of the study (base-line characteristics; cross-sectional effects). Often, especially in observational studies,...