Simard <italic>et al.</italic> [1617] proposed a transformation distance called “tangent distance” (TD) which can make pattern recognition be efficient. The key idea is to construct a distance measure which is invariant with respect to some chosen transformations. In this research, we provide a method using...

This paper examines a serial supply chain that consists of one supplier and one manufacturer, each having imperfect production and inspection processes. Both the supplier and the manufacturer invest in quality improvement actions in their production processes to reduce defective items being...

We consider a short-term discounting model in which the distributor offers a discounted price for the retailers' orders placed at the beginning of its replenishment cycle, in a non-cooperative distribution system with one distributor and multiple retailers, each facing price-sensitive demand. We...