We in vestigate the extent of the impact that direct tax subsidies (the "push" effect) and the competitiveness of the production tax system (the "pull" effect) have on research and development. A panel dataset of nine countries over nineteen years is used to estimate a dynamic fixed effects...

We investigate the extent to which direct tax subsidies that lower the user cost of undertaking R&D (the "push" effect) and the overall competitiveness of the production tax system (the "pull" effect) independently impact upon aggregate R&D intensity across countries. The "push" effect of direct...