Over recent decades concerns have been expressed about the way collective doses have been used. In particular, there is general agreement that using the fully aggregated collective dose masks a lot of useful information on levels of individual dose and their distribution over time and space,...

In Title VII, the Council Directive 96/29/Euratom addresses the issue of exposure to natural radiation sources in an industrial context, referred to as "work activities". To assist Member States with the implementation of Title VII, the Commission has published a number of guidance documents...

The problem of portfolio selection is discussed with special emphasis on the casualty insurance firm. A single period optimisation model is developed in which expected return is maximized subject to a chance constraint requiring return to be greater than some lower bound with a stipulated...