Probabilistic dynamics studies the behavior of a system constituted of components and physical variables interacting together. Monte Carlo simulation is one way to solve the associated mathematical problem for a realistic system; however, Monte Carlo simulations are inefficient and biasing...

Low energy elastic electron backscattering has been used recently as a new tool for surface analysis. The theoretical description of this phenomenon has been mostly made by Monte Carlo simulation. Recently, several analytical approaches have been developed based on the Boltzmann equation for...