With the development of economic and technologies, the trend of annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission changes with time passes. The relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions is considered as one of the most important empirical...

It is well documented in the literature that the forecasts of Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) can be improved by additional high-frequency information (i.e., realized volatility). However, existing framework provides no apparent way of integrating effective low-frequency signals....

A new framework for the joint estimation and forecasting of dynamic Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) is proposed by incorporating intraday information into a generalized autoregressive score (GAS) model, introduced by Patton, Ziegel, and Chen (2019) to estimate risk measures in a...