Based on the assumption that a vehicle always tries to keep a certain speed and a proper distance from the one in front of it, a force model, being a kind of microscopic models which is similar to van der Waal's molecule model, is established. We develop three approaches to study the equilibrium...

The power α of the Lévy tails of stock market fluctuations discovered in recent years are generally believed to be universal. We show that for the Chinese stock market this is not true, the powers depending strongly on anomalous daily index changes short before market closure, and weakly on...

Price changes of primary returns of Chinese stock market are analyzed over a period of about 8 years. The probability distribution of relative changes in returns satisfies the power–law form. However, the distribution is not consistent with the analysis of US and other stock markets that seem...

In a severely competing economic environment, the competing ability of a company must be improved continuously as the reaction to the outer competition pressure. We propose a model developed from Lotka–Volterra competition model with time dependent parameters other than the equilibrium theory...