empirical evidence is mixed, however, and prior estimates range from large crowding out effects to small crowding in effects. To … the importance of non-monetary considerations for crowding out, and suggest a possible mechanism to square the …

impact inflation, little crowding out of private expenditure exists, and the multiplier tends to be larger compared to a one …

the extent of crowding out resulting from Democracy Vouchers. I estimate that each dollar of government spending reduced … while decreasing large donations. Crowding out was incomplete, indicating that public financing can substantially increase …

firms in Germany's locally segmented credit markets. The ensuing crowding-out was made worse by increased municipal …

incorporate a novel shadow banking channel into a DSGE model to examine the mix of crowding-in and crowding-out effects. In our … banking channel for SOEs to lend to POEs plays a key role in generating the result of co-existence of crowding-in and crowding-out …

During the pandemic, African banks rebalanced their portfolio towards sovereign assets, and crowding out of credit to … the COVID-19 crisis intensified crowding out of credit to the private sector. As the economic recovery got underway … analysis presented in this study confirms that crowding out has become more severe, but that timely policy support averted a …