This study adopts ARDL and VAR estimation methods to examine whether military spending crowd-out or crowd-in private investment in Nigeria. We use the data that covers the period from 1970 to 2019. Our results, based on the ARDL method, show that military spending only crowds-out private...

This paper replicates the article Fiorito and Kollintzas (2004) “Public goods, merit goods, and the relationship between private and government consumption”. The authors investigated whether government consumption crowds out private consumption by splitting government consumption into two...

Cities are increasingly hold accountable for climate action. By demonstrating their proenvironmentality through own climate-related activities, they not at least aspire to encourage individual climate protection efforts. Based on standard economic theory there is little reason to assume that...

We use panel data from 30 provinces of China over the period 2002-2019 to examine the effect of rising urban real estate prices on employment. Empirical results, using instrumental variable estimation, show that rising urban real estate prices have a negative and statistically significant impact...