valorem equivalents (AVEs) of NTMs imposed on the imports of poultry to the EU. These AVEs, which are equivalent to tariffs … of tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTMs), both descriptively and econometrically. Second, we provide bilateral ad …

demand by reducing negative externalities. We apply the framework to the database of Kee et al. (2009) and derive ad valorem … equivalents (AVEs) for NTMs. About 39% of the product lines affected by NTMs exhibit negative AVEs, indicating a trade …

demand by reducing negative externalities. We apply the framework to the database of Kee et al. (2009) and derive ad valorem … equivalents (AVEs) for technical measures. About 39% of the product lines affected by NTMs exhibit negative AVEs, indicating a net …

demand by reducing negative externalities. We apply the framework to the database of Kee et al. (2009) and derive ad valorem … equivalents (AVEs) for NTMs. About 39% of the product lines affected by NTMs exhibit negative AVEs, indicating a trade …