A recent critique of using teachers’ test score value-added (TVA) is that teacher quality is multifaceted; some teachers are effective in raising test scores, others are effective in improving long-term outcomes This paper exploits an institutional setting where high school teachers are randomly...

A recent critique of using teachers' test score value-added (TVA) is that teacher quality is multifaceted; some teachers are effective in raising test scores, others are effective in improving long-term outcomes This paper exploits an institutional setting where high school teachers are randomly...

We investigate the effects of 'lecture-based' (LBT) – i.e. individual work and rote learning - versus 'discussion-based' (DBT) – i.e. participative and focused on student-centred learning - teaching styles on the test scores and socio-economic inequality of middle-school students randomly...