The underrepresentation of women in male-dominated labor markets is often linked to biased perceptions of their capabilities. In recent decades, Spain has advanced significantly in including women in political and economic roles. This study examines how these shifts impact perceptions of women's...

A recent critique of using teachers' test score value-added (TVA) is that teacher quality is multifaceted; some teachers are effective in raising test scores, others are effective in improving long-term outcomes This paper exploits an institutional setting where high school teachers are randomly...

We investigate the effects of "lecture-based" (LBT) – i.e. individual work and rote learning - versus "discussion-based" (DBT) - i.e. participative and focused on student-centred learning - teaching styles on the test scores and socio-economic inequality of middle-school students randomly...