Public investment spending declined steadily in advanced economies during the last three decades. Germany is a case in point where the aggregate decline coincided with growing inequality in investments across districts. What explains the variation in local investment spending? We assembled a...

Conflicting interests among governments at all levels and coal enterprises are not conducive to the implementation of China's dual-carbon strategy in the coal industry. This study provides a theoretical analysis of the stabilization strategies of governments and coal enterprises by refining...

Despite achieving a rapid reduction in the public debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years, Portugal's debt ratio remains relatively high at 113.9 percent of GDP in end-2022. This paper employs an analytical model to determine the appropriate trajectory for structural consolidation to sustain ambitious...