This study investigated the determinants of the exchange rate in Nigeria via evidence from the Error Correction Model (ECM) over the period 1981 to 2020. The study focuses on two main objectives. The theoretical review highlights three main exchange rate determination approaches: The Purchasing...

This paper explores the impact of investment and employment on Egypt's agricultural growth during the period 1991 to 2021 using annual time series data. We use the ARDL approach to examine the long-run and short-run relationships among agricultural investment, agricultural employment and...

The economy of Pakistan has been facing instability and downward trends due to several factors, such as rising foreign debt and goods and services prices. The regression and ARDL models are applied by using R software. Adding lag values of variables become necessary to measure the long-run...