Improper acquisition of genetic resources (GRs) and associated traditional knowledge (TK) without prior informed consent and on mutually agreed terms, in accordance with national laws of the country providing the GR and associated TK, as well as without any fair and equitable sharing of the...

Many governments have established cluster policies to foster innovation and support hightech industries through agglomeration economies. They attempt to boost networks through providing clusters with resources to organise heterogeneous support activities. A key question is which support...

Recent policy attention has focused on proposals to reduce prices for drugs that have received public funding. From an implementation perspective, such policies rely on public disclosure of government support for research. In this paper, we highlight two conceptual problems with past attempts to...

Neurodegenerative diseases cause progressive loss of cognitive and motor function and pose major challenges to societies with aging populations. Existing therapies for neurodegenerative diseases are limited, and typically only treat the symptoms rather than providing a cure. Although there has...

The Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission (EC), in collaboration with the EC Directorate General for Research and Innovation (RTD), initiated an activity to define indicators suitable for retrospectively assessing the impact of European Union (EU) funded research and investigate...

For the last 10-15 years, Russia has become the key player in the world agricultural market. Increasing export volume up to $45 billion by 2025 is the ambitious plan of the Russian Government. Windows of opportunity that create fundamentally new prospects for increasing competitiveness are...

Most firms achieve perfective progress, incrementally improving commodities or productivity. But technological progress is concentrated in a few firms achieving metamorphic progress: forming or transforming industries with technological breakthroughs (e.g., biotechnology, lasers, semiconductors,...

This world and its nations are moving towards and working towards creation and formulation of “BioEconomy”, an economy which revolves around bioscience and biotechnology products and consumers. Since centuries and more importantly since last few decades in this modern and scientific era, the...