In theory, we have a unified patent system that provides technology-neutral protection to all kinds of technologies. However, we have recently noticed an increasing divergence between the rules actually applied to different industries. Biotechnology provides one of the best examples. In...

This chapter surveys the current legal position concerning property in bodies and bodily materials. Of especial relevance in the current age of advanced genetic and other bio technologies, it looks beyond property in bodies and their materials “as such” to consider also (a) the availability...

Nearly three decades have passed since the new knowledge and technologies like genetics and biotechnology have emerged. By passing through various periods in which labor force, resources and capital, each one at a certain time, have been comparative and competitive advantages for a more powerful...

The competitiveness of the agro-industrial sector depends not only on its specific performance but also on the character and degree of the innovation performance, vital to added value development and differentiation in the biobased value-chain. This work intends to show, how through research and...

Successful development and uptake of vaccine technology in a Quadruple Helix Innovative health or economic system requires a clear understanding of society's preferences as the fourth helix. With significant financial commitments to find a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine still ongoing, this...