We provide theoretical and empirical evidence on the factors that influence the willingness of academic scientists to share research results. We distinguish between two types of sharing, specific sharing in which a researcher shares her data or materials with another and general sharing in which...

I argue for three theses: T1 - It is possible to use access to scientific knowledge to reinforce existing scientific communities and sometimes generate new ones. T2 - It is possible to use community to generate scientific knowledge, patent reform, scientific research, medical diagnostics, and...

Hundreds of research-intensive small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are active in the health sector. In recognition of their innovative potential, scientifi c strength and strategic importance, a special effort was made to involve them in the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6), where a very...

This document is a descriptive analytical commentary on emerging trends in agricultural biotechnology and the increasing role of Intellectual Property Rights regime in determining the direction of this promising industry. Biotechnology has intrinsic potential of churning out problem solving...

This essay assesses the U.S. government's role in managing rapid biotechnological change in agriculture. Many scientists hail recent agricultural biotechnology developments as steps toward solving the health, nutrition, and environmental problems that have plagued the world for decades. At the...

We formulate and test a hypothesis for the dramatic restructuring that the plant breeding and seed industry has recently undergone: the reorganization can be explained in part by the desire to exploit complementarities between intellectual assets needed to create genetically modified organisms....

Gender issues in biotechnology policy and trade are rapidly emerging as some of the most interesting and challenging within these fields. Gender issues have been identified in three important areas impacted by biotechnology, namely agriculture, traditional knowledge, and health. The policy...