This paper introduces a formal mathematical taxonomy of four principal health insurance models: Bismarckian, Beveridgean, Commercial, and Collaborative & Contributive (C&C). Each model is analyzed for its structural characteristics, sustainability conditions, and demographic resilience under...

Social security systems are often treated according to their epistemology. The bismarckian and beverdgian systems could be the origin of all social protection systems. The firs was created by Bismark at 1883 in Germany, it was based on the insurance principal. The beverigian system was...