Due to the size and structure of its economy, Germany is one of the largest carbon emitters in the European Union. However, Germany is facing a major renewal and restructuring process in electricity generation. Within the next two decades, up to 50% of current electricity generation capacity may...

The broadly applicable equations for estimating learning rates of cost variables in energy systems with CO2 capture (CC) are formulated, in which the effect of overall plant efficiency upgrade on learning rates is reflected. Based on the equations, as a case study, we estimate the learning...