Franchising organizations were prevalent for uniform offline stores, but nowadays they face severe challenges from third-party online competitors. While the literature mainly consists of studies that focus on within-franchise relationships and the encroachment of an individual franchisor's...

This Article addresses an important question in modern antitrust: when large investment funds have holdings across an industry, is competition depressed?The question of the impact of common ownership on competition has gained much attention as the role of institutional shareholding has grown,...

Concerns around the anti-competitive effects of common ownership by institutional investors in competing firms have previously been raised by scholars. Recent empirical evidence has further fueled the debate, causing the European Commission to use common ownership as an ‘element of context’...