Globalization has significantly influenced economic policy in Latin America. After the debt crisis of the 1980s, capital controls were removed leading to a substantial increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the region. Chile, in particular, has extensively promoted free international...

Innovation ecosystems use R&D inputs to generate innovation outputs first and innovation impacts later. But some countries show a relatively low transmission, such as in the case of Kazakhstan, the largest economy in Central Asia. This article analyzes the transmission from R&D into innovation...

This paper documents the evolution of US carbon emissions and discusses the main factors that contributed to the historical carbon emissions rollercoaster. We divide the discussion into four periods - up to 1920, 1920-1960, 1960-2005 and after 2005. For each period, we discuss the main drivers...