Innovation ecosystems use R&D inputs to generate innovation outputs first and innovation impacts later. But some countries show a relatively low transmission, such as in the case of Kazakhstan, the largest economy in Central Asia. This article analyzes the transmission from R&D into innovation...

Globalization has significantly influenced economic policy in Latin America. After the debt crisis of the 1980s, capital controls were removed leading to a substantial increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to the region. Chile, in particular, has extensively promoted free international...