presence or absence of duality gap in a number of commonly-used test problems, and efficacy of the proposed coevolutionary … algorithm compared to usual nested smooth and nonsmooth algorithms and other existing coevolutionary approaches remain as the …

distance. This problem is shown to be NP-hard. In this study, therefore, a coevolutionary algorithm incorporated with a variant …

are represented as different species in the coevolutionary algorithm to search the equilibrium. By modeling the …