This article introduces a psychologically grounded framework to describe cognitive demands in the teleoperation of highly automated agents. It builds on established models of information processing, situation awareness, and occupational stress to explain how remote operators perceive, process,...

This research uses dual-process cognitive theory to describe how people process information differently when it is delivered via videoconference rather than when it is delivered face-to-face. According to this theory, relative to face-to-face communication, people in videoconferences tend to be...