Sanctions imposed by the European Union (EU) against Russia following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine brought about an unprecedented emphasis on sanctions implementation and enforcement, which - in contrast to decision-making - have traditionally relied on a decentralised system. This has...

In the debate on how to strengthen the European Union's (EU) capacity to act, calls for an extension of qualified majority voting (QMV) are growing louder. The Council of the EU is currently discussing using the so-called passerelle clauses in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). With these...

Introduction : the European Union, decarbonisation and foreign policy -- Nigeria : addressing fragility away from oil? -- Indonesia : building a partnership beyond fossil fuels and palm oil -- Azerbaijan : partnership potential beyond gas? -- Colombia : the double challenge of internal...

With Joe Biden’s victory, there is at least a four-year window to revive ‘an alliance of democracies’, face up to authoritarian powers and closed economies that exploit the openness on which American and European societies are built, and shape those parts of multilateralism that serve...