To reduce cheating in written tests and exams, assessors often randomly vary the order of questions across students. However, little is known about the potential unintended side effects of question order. This paper examines whether randomizing students to start with an easier or harder question...

This study identifies the academic effects of online learning mandates on high-school students separately from the overall effect of the pandemic. We exploit exogenous variation in 2020/2021 Italian schooling mandates that imposed online learning on upper secondary school students while...

Blended learning, a pedagogical approach that uses a mix of different physical environments as well as digital and non-digital learning tools, has emerged as a cornerstone of modern education. In particular, integrating traditional face-to-face teaching with technology-mediated instruction has...

Rapidly changing skills requirements as a result of the digital and green transitions require more support for adults to update their skills throughout their working life. Furthermore, demographic ageing makes it essential for adults to continue skills developments to avoid skills shortages. All...

Blended learning, a pedagogical approach that uses a mix of different physical environments as well as digital and non-digital learning tools, has emerged as a cornerstone of modern education. In particular, integrating traditional face-to-face teaching with technology-mediated instruction has...

This paper uses value-added models and panel data from a comprehensive set of highstakes secondary school exams to assess determinants of student performance during the coronavirus pandemic in Bhutan. Gender gaps, urban-rural gaps, and socioeconomic gaps do not appear to have widened...