Portfolio optimization is an activity for balancing return and risk. In this paper, we used mean-variance (M-V) portfolio models with buy-in threshold and cardinality constraints. This model can be formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. To solve this constrained...

To value non-transferable non-hedgeable (NTNH) contingent claims and price executive stock options (ESOs), we use a replication argument to translate portfolios with NTNH derivatives into portfolios of primary assets (only) with stochastic portfolio constraints. By identifying stochastic...