Risk based thinking is the core aspect to avoid or reduce the undesired effects and promote continual improvement for any organization, especially in the field of higher education. Preventive action becomes an automatic process when a management system is risk-based. The contingency approach to...

Purpose – Much popular thinking on leadership assumes that there is some “essence” of effective leadership, that there are “universal” leadership traits and/or behaviours associated with success in all situations. This article aims to challenge such views, providing evidence showing...

Empirical studies of information systems planning practices in organizations indicate that wide variations exist. We propose and test a model based on agency theory and transaction-costs economics to account for these variations. As senior management's uncertainty with respect to the information...

Cross-sectional studies of organisation have yielded a number of relationships between contingencies and structure. However, some diachronic studies of changes in contingency and structure have not produced the results expected. The suggestion of this paper is that this may reflect inappropriate...