Originality has a self-evident importance for science, but objectively measuring originality poses a formidable challenge. We conceptualise originality as the degree to which a scientific discovery provides subsequent studies with unique knowledge that is not available from previous studies....

The old conflict between GIs and Trademarks is today enriched with another element, supplied by the recent jurisprudence of the EU. In fact, in order to mislead the consumers it would seem no longer enough to incorporate a GI into a trademark, because it would be enough a confusingly similarity...

Geographical Indications (GIs) were established as a distinctive category of intellectual property (IP) in the 1994 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Agreement. Reflecting this broad field of legal vehicles, marks indicating conditions of origin (MICOs) denote indications of...

In May 2015, China implemented a “Made in China 2025” initiative to upgrade its manufacturing sector into one that will be considerably more innovative and competitive. Much state direction and funding have been provided to help move the country from a “Made in China” to a “Created in...

In EU GI Law, Protected Geographical Indications have become the predominant quality scheme and, in particular, the history of the product and their relationship with the area of origin has become the main origin link. This linking factor can lead to distortions, however. These notes reflect on...

The year has been framed by the emergence of concerted state-sponsored terrorism designed to undermine national elections and state infrastructure. Even state-sponsored cyber warfare may take second place to massive criminal attacks on financial credit bureau Equifax. The year also featured a...

Problem Definition: We study how the government of a developing country optimizes its Local Content Requirement (LCR) policy to maximize social welfare in a setting where foreign OEMs produce and sell multi-component products in the developing country and local sourcing of components is more...

This paper investigates how rules of origin influence firm-level export behavior. Rules of origin specify the minimum amount of local content required for a product to qualify for reduced tariffs under a preferential trade agreement. Rules of origin undermine exporting firms' access to...