The use of Internet of Things devices (IoT) by individuals in their homes has led to new opportunities for companies, to adapt their products, services and offers, based on the user profile. At the same time, these new services involve the reinterpretation of existing requirements regarding data...

In recent weeks, Japan’s government under Prime Minister Kishida Fumio has im­plemented significant adjustments to the country’s security policy. In December 2022, Tokyo published a new National Security Strategy along with two other defence-related strategic documents. In doing so, the...

This paper presents a continuous-time dynamic model of market adoption of cybersecurity. Individuals choose whether and when to make a precautionary investment in self-protection against the evolving security risk of direct attack and indirect contagion. The equilibrium adoption path has a...

This paper utilizes three large databases to better understand the characteristics of cyber loss events, especially how to deal with data biases and how cyber losses evolve over time. We first deal with the problem of report delay with an extended two-stage model in combination with detailed...

This paper employs computational linguistics to introduce a novel text-based measure of firm-level cyber risk exposure based on quarterly earnings conference calls of listed firms. Our quarterly measures are available for more than 13,000 firms from 85 countries over 2002-2021. We document that...

This study contributes to the emerging literature on the determinants and the consequences of cyberattacks by examining the impact of inside debt compensation on a firm’s likelihood of experiencing a cyberattack and on attacked firms’ cash holdings, R&D investments, and asset tangibility. We...