Most central banks in advanced economies consider issuing central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) to address the declining use of cash and to position themselves against increased competition from Big Tech companies, cryptocurrencies, and stablecoins. One crucial design dimension of a CBDC...

Policing Cyberspace in South Africa and Nigeria: Challenges and OpportunitiesThe banking sector, as a centralized aspect of contemporary digital finance systems, is a vulnerable target. Not surprisingly, recent data indicate that cyberattacks have augmented by 300% over the past three years in...

Increased cyber-attacks on the United States of America cyberspace has raised a lot of concerns on the integrity of the US cyberspace. The US government recently declared a state of emergency on cyber-attacks after its largest pipeline and meat supply companies were hit by a ransomware attack....

This note considers the nature of the cybersecurity concerns that have been raised in the decoupling debate and their implications for national security, contrasts those with the nature of the national security concerns that have traditionally been included in the rules-based trade framework,...

The presented document aims to review the methodologies used for cryptography. Cryptography, a Greek word meaning 'protected data with an unreadable format' has become the need of the hour. In the world of digitalization, cyber attacks, data leaks have become prominent. In order to prevent the...

The advent of Internet of Things (IoT) technology exponentially increases the collection of new information types in consumers’ lives from various sensors. However, many consumers do not fully recognize the potential privacy and security risks (PSR) associated with IoT. Those who are aware...

This white paper presents analysis of Advisen Cyber Loss dataset (www.advisenltd.com/data/cyber-loss-data/) containing a historical view of cyber events, collected from reliable and publicly verifiable sources. The dataset analyzed in this study comprehends 132,126 cyber events during 2008-2020,...

This chapter synthesizes the economics, law, and technology of security tokens and Security Token Offerings (STOs). Security tokens are blockchain-based investment contracts that are subject to securities law. Interoperability, fractional ownership, market liquidity, and rapid settlement are...

Under current Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002 (FISMA) requirements, all new Federal information technology (IT) programs and modernization efforts using blockchain must meet National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cryptographic standards. This report evaluates...

We discover a novel flight-to-safety effect from cryptocurrency markets to stock markets. It occurs after a series of hacking attacks on crypto exchanges as greater uncertainty heightens investors' risk awareness and perception, which, in turn, induces herd-like behaviour in favor of safer stock...