Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial drivers of economic growth. In Kenya, MSMEs represent about 98 percent of all businesses and contribute over 30 percent to the GDP. Despite their essential role in the economy, these enterprises face substantial challenges in...

This paper explores a granular database from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Green Bond Transparency Platform covering the issuance of 430 corporate and sovereign Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) bonds in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) that are outstanding in...

This paper explores a granular database from the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Green Bond Transparency Platform covering the issuance of 430 corporate and sovereign Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) bonds in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) that are outstanding in...

This report presents a long-term view of the evolution of financing of EU non-financial corporations (NFCs) in recent decades. It finds a decline in NFC leverage since at least 2008, and across countries, size categories and industries. It also documents a growing role of non-bank financial...

This research explores two aspects of European insurers' investment behaviour related to crises. While they are often considered as financial market stabilisers and long-term investors, there is currently a lack of knowledge about insurers' investment behaviour in crises under the regulatory...

This research explores two aspects of European insurers' investment behaviour related to crises. While they are often considered as financial market stabilisers and long-term investors, there is currently a lack of knowledge about insurers' investment behaviour in crises under the regulatory...