This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the trend and cycle estimates derived from the Hodrick-Prescott method, the Christiano-Fitzgerald approximation and the Harvey and Trimbur model for selected euro area (EA) indicators. These three methods are applied to data spanning the last 3...

Regulatory reforms by the European Commission have facilitated the integration of the European gas market, increasing interdependence in prices and associated risks across gas hubs. Recent external shocks, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, have disrupted market...