Purpose This study uses computer-aided design to improve the ecological and environmental sustainability of early-stage landscape designs. Urban expansion on open land and natural habitats has led to a decline in biodiversity and increased climate change impacts, affecting urban inhabitants'...

Organizations have a choice of information and planning procedures to use for a coordinated plan. In this paper, we investigate the efficacy of price and/or budget planning approaches, where the first proposal can be determined from a combination of historical plans, external prices, rules of...