Regulatory regimes intended to enforce changes to land use or management impose costs on landholders and governments. Landholder costs comprise changes to capital equipment, changes to crop or enterprise management including direct compliance costs, opportunity costs of lost production, and...

This article explores the issue of nonpoint pollution credit production in the context of water quality in rivers and streams. Such trading depends on emission reduction cost differential between point source polluters, such as publicly owned treatment plants and industrial sources, and nonpoint...